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| 1459–1519, Holy Roman emperor and German king (1493–1519), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick
III. As emperor, he aspired to restore forceful imperial leadership and inaugurate much-needed administrative reforms in the
increasingly decentralized empire. In both domestic and foreign policy, however, he sacrificed the interests of Germany as
a whole to the aggrandizement of the Hapsburg possessions. |
1 |
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| Expansion via War and Marriage |
| Maximilian’s marriage (1477) to Mary of Burgundy involved him in defense of her inheritance—including Burgundy,
the Netherland provinces, and Luxembourg—against the designs of King Louis XI of France. By Mary’s death (1482),
Maximilian had secured Franche-Comté, the county of Artois, and the Low Countries, but he yielded a sizable part of French-speaking
Burgundy in the Treaty of Arras of 1483 In 1486 he was elected king of the Romans (i.e., emperor-elect) and assumed an increasing
share of the imperial duties until his father’s death. |
2 |
| Louis XI’s successor, Charles VIII, repudiated the treaty; moreover, instead of marrying Maximilian’s daughter
Margaret of Austria, he forced Anne of Brittany into marrying him (1491), disregarding her marriage by proxy to the widowed
Maximilian the preceding year. Renewed warfare with France was settled temporarily by the Treaty of Senlis (1493), which basically
retained the status quo; but the Burgundian question remained a key issue in Hapsburg relations with the French crown. |
3 |
| Maximilian became embroiled in the Italian Wars in order to regain the rest of the Burgundian inheritance and also to
expand Hapsburg dominions and check any extension of French power. His Italian campaigns also afforded him an opportunity
to aid Ludovico Sforza, whose niece he had married (1493) and whom, in exchange for a dowry, he had invested with the duchy
of Milan (also claimed by Louis XII of France). His involvement in Italy led him to join the League of Cambrai and later
the Holy League. Both alliances cost him money, of which he was chronically short, and forced him to borrow heavily from the
Fugger family. Moreover, his interference in Italy encouraged the French to exert pressure on the Swiss to turn a jurisdictional
dispute with imperial authorities into an open war (1499), which resulted in an imperial defeat. |
4 |
| Despite these difficulties, Maximilian made the Hapsburgs into a powerful dynasty through his astute marriage diplomacy.
The marriage of his son Philip (see Philip I of Castile) to Joanna, the heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella, eventually gave his grandson, the future Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V, one of the largest territorial inheritances in history. The double marriage of Maximilian’s grandson and
granddaughter to the daughter and son of King Uladislaus II of Hungary (1516) ultimately assured Hapsburg succession to the
Hungarian and Bohemian thrones and ascendancy in central Europe. |
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| Imperial Administration |
| The extent and diversity of the Hapsburg territories were a liability as well as an asset, making the imperial title the
essential bond of unity. At the beginning of his reign Maximilian attempted to modernize the cumbersome imperial administration,
but his reform program fell victim not only to his dynastic aspirations but also to the competition between the princes and
the emperor for ultimate power. Maximilian was forced in 1500 to adhere temporarily to a council of regency although
he eventually dispensed with this restriction. Nevertheless the Diet of Worms (1495) established a supreme court of justice
to adjudicate disputes among princes and to apply Roman law throughout the empire; levied a general property tax to defray
military costs; and issued a ban on private warfare. The limited constitutional reforms proved inadequate, however, to cope
with future problems, least of all with the political, social, and religious upheaval of the Reformation. |
