B.C.

• 5000 Vinca Text  considered the first written language
• 4500 introduction of Plow in Europe , beer first brewed, the wheel developed in Mesopotamia, Water Buffalo domesticated in China
• 4121 Egyptian Calendar
• 4000 Sumerian city Ur founded

       Bronze Age

• 3300 Otzi the Iceman dies near present day border of Austria/Italy (Homicide appearant cause of death)
• 3200 Newgrange solar observatory  built in Ireland
• Crete and rise of Minoan Civilization

          Rise of Egypt

• 3000 Menes unifies upper/lower Egypt, moves Capitol to Memphis
• silver discovered
• 2723-2563 possible completion of the Sphinx of Giza
• 2700 Germination of "Methuselah" the oldest Living tree (found in The White Mountains)
• 2560 The Great Pyramid of Giza completed
• 2474 Golden age of Ur
• 2400 Urukagina Introduces first Known judicial code
• Horse first domesticated in Central Asia
• first pillars of Stonehenge errected (2000 years to complete)
• Hellenic migration into Greece, oldest Medicine Wheel in Americas, Chinese sight Comet
• 2052-1570 Middle Kingdom in China
• 2000 Sails first used on ships
• 2000-1500 Alphabet originated
• 1900 Hittite Empire

          Birth of Babylon

• 1764-50 Hammurabi wars
• 1686 death of Hammurabi ruler of Baylon Empire
• 1600 rubber ball developed
• 1600-1500 Indo-Europians from Central-Asia known as Hyskos introduce Chariot warfare to Mesopatamia devastating any foes in thier path
• Babylon becomes religious and intellectual capitol of the world
• Indian Caste system developed
• Chinese Ideograms originated

         Era of Religion

• 1456 Moses leads Exodus
• 1235 Athens founded
• 1200 beginnings of Judaism
• 1184Troy destroyed,
• 1089 Melanthus king of Athens
• 1020 Saul becomes first king of Israel

       Iron age

• 800 Building of Carthage
• 790 Ethiopian conquest of Egypt (founding XXVth dynasty
• 776 First Olympic games
• 753 Rome founded
• 745 Tiglath Pileser III conquers Babylonia, founds New Assyrian Empire
• 738 Menahem, King of Israel buys off Tiglath Pilser III
• 735 Greeks settle Sicily
• 722 Sargon II arms Assyria with iron weapons
• 721 Sargon II deports Isrealites
• 701 Sennacherib sends army to Egypt, destroyed by pestilance
• 680 Esarhaddon conquers Thebes, overthrowing Ethiopian XXVth Dynasty
• 667 Byzantine founded (later to become Constantinople)
• 664 Psammetichus I, with assistance of Lydian troops, restores freedom to Egypt, founds XXVIth dynasty (to 610)
• 608 Necho of Egypt defeats Josiah of Israel at Battle of Megiddo
• 606 Chaldeans and Medes allie, capture Nineveh, found Chaldean Empire
• 604 Necho pushes to Euphrates, overthrown by Nebuchadnezzar II
• 586 Nebuchadnezzar Carries off the Jews to Babylon; many flee to Egypt
• 550 Cyrus the Persian succeeds Cyaxres the Mede, conquers Croesus
• 550 Buddha, Lao Tse, Confucius produce thier famous doctrines about this time
• 539 Cyrus captures Babylon, founds Persian Empire
• 525 Cambyses conquers Egypt, Aeschylus born
• 521 Darius I rules from Hellespont to Indus, makes expedition to Scythia

       Hellenistic Era

• 495 Sophacles born
• 490 Battle of Marathon
• 484 Herodotus born, Aeschylus gains fame as writer of Tragedies
• 480 Battles of Thermoplae and Samalis, Euripedes born
• 479 Battles of Plataea and Mycale complete repulsion of Persian invasion in Greece
• 474 Etruscan fleet destroyed by Sicilian Greeks
• 470 Voyage of Hanno (explores Atlantic coast of Africa)
• 466 The age of Pericles (461-429)
• 465 Xerxes murdered
• 438 Herodotus recites his History at Athens
• 431 Peloponnesian war begins, (to 404)
• 429 Death of Pericles and Herodotus
• 427 Aristophanes begins career, birth of Plato (to 347)
• 401 Retreat of the Ten Thousand (Greek expedition led By Xenaphon)
• 390 Brennus sacks Rome
• 366 Camilus builds Temple of Concord
• 359 Phillip becomes King of Macedonia

         Birth of Empires

• 338 Battle of Chaeronia (Alexander defeats Athenian Army)
• 336 Macedonian troops cross into Asia, Philip murdered, Alexander the Great rises to Ruler of Macedonia
• 334 Battle of Granicus ( Alexander suffer's between 100-200 casualties, Persia 1000 calvary, 3000 infantry, (2000 prisoners taken)
• 333 Battle of Issus (Alexander defeats Darius III of Persia)
• 332 Alexander wanders Egypt
• 331 Battle of Gaugamela (Darius III is ruined by Alexander)
• 330 Darius III killed
• 323 Death of Alexander the Great
• 321 Rise of Chandrgupta in the Punjab, Romans defeated by Samnites at the Battle of Caudine Forks
• 303 Death of Ptolemy Sotor
• 281 Pyrrus invades Italy (Greek Invasion of Italy, Greeks use elephants against Roman Legion)
• 280 Battle of Heraclea (Greek forces defeat Roman, Greek eventually withdraw when reinforcements were massacered in route to Greek army)
• 279 Battle of Ausculum (coins term Pyrric victory, on more such victory and I shall be lost)
• 278 Gauls raid Asia Minor, settlement of Galatia
• 275 Pyrrhus leaves Italy

         Rise of Rome

• 264 First Punic War (Rome defeats Carthage, Polybius comments the most destructive in terms of casualties to that time)
• 260 Battle of Mycea
• 256 Battle of Ecnomus
• 246 Shi Huangdi becomes king of Ts'in
• 241 Battle of Aegatian Isles, end of first Punic war
• 225 Battle of Telamon (Rome victory over Gauls)  Roman armies occupy Illiria
• 220 Shi Hwang-Ti becomes emporer of China
• 218 Hannibal begins journey across alps
• 219 Second Punic War
• 216 Battle of Cannae (Hannibal defeats superior Roman force, many italian cities defect to Carthage)
• 214 Great  Wall of China begun
• 210 Death of Hwang-Ti
• 202 Battle of Zama (Hannibal defeated by Scipio)
• 201 End of second Punic War
• 200-197 War between Rome and Macedonia
• 192 War with Seleucids
• 190 Battle of Magnesia
• 149 Third Punic War, Yeu-Chi enters Western Turkestan
• 146 Carthage destroyed, Corinth destroyed

         Roman Empire

• 133 Attalus bequeaths Pergammum to Rome, Tiberius Gracchus killed
• 118 Roman War with Jugurtha (to 106)
• 102 Marius drives back Germans
• 100 Triumph of Marius , Wu-ti conquers Tarim Valley
• 91 Roman Social war (championed by Sulla against Marius)
• 89 All italians become Roman citizens
• 86 Death of Marius
• 78 Death of Sulla
• 73 Spartacus leads slave revolt (to 71)
• 66 Pompey leads Roman troops to the Caspian and the Euphrates, encounters the Alani
• 64 Death of Mithridates of Pontus
• 53 Crassus killed at Carrhae, Mongolian elements enter Parthian empire
• 48 Julius Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalos
• 44 Julius Caesar assassinated
• 31 Battle of Actium
• 27 Augustus Caesar princeps , rather than assuming title of "king or dictator" (until 14 AD)
• 0 birth of Jesus of Nazareth

Christian Era       A.D. 6 Province of Moesia established 9 Province of Pannonia established, Imperial boundary of Rome carried to Danube 14 Augustus died, Tiberius emperor 33 Jesus of Nazareth crucified 37 Caligula suceeded Tiberius 41 Claudius (the first emperor of the legions) made emperor by Pretorian guard after the murder of Caligula 54 Nero succeeds Claudius 61 Boadicea masacares Roman garrison in Britian 68 Suicide of Nero (Galba, Otho, Vitellus emporers in succesion) 69 Vespasian begins Flavian dynasty 79 Titus succeeds Vespasian 81 Domitian succeeds Titus 84 North Britian annexed by Rome 96 Nerva begins Dynasty of the Antonines 98 Trajan succeeds Nerva 102 Pan Chau makes encampment on Caspian Sea, Indo-Scythians invade North India 117 Hadrian succeeds Trajan (height of Roman Empire) 138 Antoninus Pius succeeds Hadrian, Indo-Scythians eliminate last traces of Hellenic rule in India 150 Kanishka reigns in India, Kashgar,Yarkand, and Kotan about this time) 161 Marcus Aurelius succeeds Antonius Pius 164 Great Plague devatates Europe/Asia till about 180 180 Death of Marcus Aurelius (followed by a century of war and chaos in Roman Empire) 220 End of Han dynasty, 400 years of division in China to follow 226 Ardashir I (first Sassanid Shah) ends Arsacid line in Persia 242 Mani begins his teachings (chess is intoduced to persia, first manual dates between 242-651)          Gothic Expansion 247 Goths cross Danube 251 Great victory of the Goths, Emporer Emporer Decius killed 260 Sapor I (the second Sassanid Shah) captures Antioch, takes emporer Valerian into custody. Is slain on return from Asia minor by Odenthus of Palmyra 269 Emperor Claudius defeats Goths at Nish 270 Aurelian becomes Emporer of Rome 272 Zenobia carried captive to Rome, Palmyra fades from power 275 Probus succeeds Aurelian 276 Goths enter Pontus, Emperor Probus forces back Franks and Alemanni 277 Mani crucified in Persia 284 Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome, begins administrative reforms, dividing Eastern and Western Empires  303 Diocletian begins Christian persecution          Rise of Christianity 306 Constantine the Great becomes emperor of Rome 311 Galerius abandons persecution of Christians 314 Constantine presides over Christian council at Arles 321 Gothic raids driven back 323 Constantine presides over Council of Nicea 330 Constantine makes Constantinople his capitol 337 Vandals fleeing from Goths allowed to settle in Pannonia, Constatine baptized on deathbed 354 Birth of St. Augustine 361-363 Julian the Apostate attempts to subsitute Mithraism for Christianity 379 Theodosius the Great of Spain becomes emperor of Rome 390 Statue of Serapis at Alexandria destroyed        Division of Rome 392 Theodosius made emperor of east and west empire of Rome 395 Theodosius dies, empire divided once more 410 Visigoths led by Alaric, capture Rome 425 Vandals settle in south Spain, Huns in Pannonia, Goths in Dalmatia, Visigoths and Suevi in Portugal and North Spain. English invade Britian 429 Vandals led by Genseric invade Africa 439 Vandals capture Carthage          Decline of Rome 448 Priscus visits Attila the Hun  451 Attilila invades Gaul, is defeated by Franks, Alemanni, and Romans at Troyes 453 Death of Attilia the Hun 455 Vandals Sack Rome 470 Ephthalites's raid India 476 Odoacer, King of Teutonic tribes, informs Constantinople there is no longer an Emporer in the West. This marks the end of the Western Empire         Christian Era       A.D. 6 Province of Moesia established 9 Province of Pannonia established, Imperial boundary of Rome carried to Danube 14 Augustus died, Tiberius emperor 33 Jesus of Nazareth crucified 37 Caligula suceeded Tiberius 41 Claudius (the first emperor of the legions) made emperor by Pretorian guard after the murder of Caligula 54 Nero succeeds Claudius 61 Boadicea masacares Roman garrison in Britian 68 Suicide of Nero (Galba, Otho, Vitellus emporers in succesion) 69 Vespasian begins Flavian dynasty 79 Titus succeeds Vespasian 81 Domitian succeeds Titus 84 North Britian annexed by Rome 96 Nerva begins Dynasty of the Antonines 98 Trajan succeeds Nerva 102 Pan Chau makes encampment on Caspian Sea, Indo-Scythians invade North India 117 Hadrian succeeds Trajan (height of Roman Empire) 138 Antoninus Pius succeeds Hadrian, Indo-Scythians eliminate last traces of Hellenic rule in India 150 Kanishka reigns in India, Kashgar,Yarkand, and Kotan about this time) 161 Marcus Aurelius succeeds Antonius Pius 164 Great Plague devatates Europe/Asia till about 180 180 Death of Marcus Aurelius (followed by a century of war and chaos in Roman Empire) 220 End of Han dynasty, 400 years of division in China to follow 226 Ardashir I (first Sassanid Shah) ends Arsacid line in Persia 242 Mani begins his teachings (chess is intoduced to persia, first manual dates between 242-651)          Gothic Expansion 247 Goths cross Danube 251 Great victory of the Goths, Emporer Emporer Decius killed 260 Sapor I (the second Sassanid Shah) captures Antioch, takes emporer Valerian into custody. Is slain on return from Asia minor by Odenthus of Palmyra 269 Emperor Claudius defeats Goths at Nish 270 Aurelian becomes Emporer of Rome 272 Zenobia carried captive to Rome, Palmyra fades from power 275 Probus succeeds Aurelian 276 Goths enter Pontus, Emperor Probus forces back Franks and Alemanni 277 Mani crucified in Persia 284 Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome, begins administrative reforms, dividing Eastern and Western Empires  303 Diocletian begins Christian persecution          Rise of Christianity 306 Constantine the Great becomes emperor of Rome 311 Galerius abandons persecution of Christians 314 Constantine presides over Christian council at Arles 321 Gothic raids driven back 323 Constantine presides over Council of Nicea 330 Constantine makes Constantinople his capitol 337 Vandals fleeing from Goths allowed to settle in Pannonia, Constatine baptized on deathbed 354 Birth of St. Augustine 361-363 Julian the Apostate attempts to subsitute Mithraism for Christianity 379 Theodosius the Great of Spain becomes emperor of Rome 390 Statue of Serapis at Alexandria destroyed        Division of Rome 392 Theodosius made emperor of east and west empire of Rome 395 Theodosius dies, empire divided once more 410 Visigoths led by Alaric, capture Rome 425 Vandals settle in south Spain, Huns in Pannonia, Goths in Dalmatia, Visigoths and Suevi in Portugal and North Spain. English invade Britian 429 Vandals led by Genseric invade Africa 439 Vandals capture Carthage          Decline of Rome 448 Priscus visits Attila the Hun  451 Attilila invades Gaul, is defeated by Franks, Alemanni, and Romans at Troyes 453 Death of Attilia the Hun 455 Vandals Sack Rome 470 Ephthalites's raid India 476 Odoacer, King of Teutonic tribes, informs Constantinople there is no longer an Emporer in the West. This marks the end of the Western Empire